They saw rapid modernisation as the sole way to recover the empire's status as a European power. Russia's humiliation forced its educated elites to identify its problems and to recognise the need for fundamental reforms. The empire would take decades to recover. The war weakened the Imperial Russian Army, drained the treasury and undermined Russia's influence in Europe. The Crimean War marked a turning point for the Russian Empire. The reaction in Britain led to a demand for professionalisation of medicine, most famously achieved by Florence Nightingale, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering modern nursing while she treated the wounded. The war quickly became a symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and of mismanagement. The war was one of the first to be documented extensively in written reports and in photographs. The Crimean War was one of the first conflicts in which military forces used modern technologies such as explosive naval shells, railways and telegraphs. Christians in the Ottoman Empire gained a degree of official equality, and the Orthodox Church regained control of the Christian churches in dispute. The Ottoman vassal states of Wallachia and Moldavia became largely independent. It forbade Russia from basing warships in the Black Sea. The Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 March 1856, ended the war. France and Britain welcomed the development, owing to the conflict's domestic unpopularity. Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion by the West if the war continued, Russia sued for peace in March 1856. Sevastopol finally fell after eleven months, after the French had assaulted Fort Malakoff. Smaller military actions took place in the Baltic (1854–1856 see Åland War), the Caucasus (1853–1855), the White Sea (July–August 1854) and the North Pacific (1854–1855). The front settled into the siege of Sevastopol, involving brutal conditions for troops on both sides.
A second Russian counterattack, at Inkerman (November 1854), ended in a stalemate as well. The Russians counterattacked on 25 October in what became the Battle of Balaclava and were repulsed, but the British Army's forces were seriously depleted as a result. After extended preparations, allied forces landed on the peninsula in September 1854 and marched their way to a point south of Sevastopol after they had won the Battle of the Alma on 20 September 1854. They moved north to Varna in June 1854 and arrived just in time for the Russians to abandon Silistra.Īfter a minor skirmish at Köstence (now Constanța), the allied commanders decided to attack Russia's main naval base in the Black Sea, Sevastopol, on the Crimean Peninsula. Fearing an Ottoman collapse, the British and the French had their fleets enter the Black Sea in January 1854. A separate action on the fort town of Kars, in Western Armenia, led to a siege, and an Ottoman attempt to reinforce the garrison was destroyed by a Russian fleet at the Battle of Sinop in November 1853. Led by Omar Pasha, the Ottomans fought a strong defensive campaign and stopped the Russian advance at Silistra (now in Bulgaria). In October 1853, having obtained promises of support from France and Britain, the Ottomans declared war on Russia. In July 1853, Russian troops occupied the Danubian Principalities (now part of Romania but then under Ottoman suzerainty). When the Ottomans demanded changes to the agreement, Nicholas recanted and prepared for war. Britain attempted to mediate and arranged a compromise to which Nicholas agreed. Nicholas issued an ultimatum that demanded the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman Empire be placed under his protection. The churches worked out their differences with the Ottomans and came to an agreement, but both the French Emperor Napoleon III and the Russian Tsar Nicholas I refused to back down. Longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the expansion of the Russian Empire in the preceding Russo-Turkish Wars, and the British and French preference to preserve the Ottoman Empire to maintain the balance of power in the Concert of Europe. The immediate cause of the war involved the rights of Christian minorities in Palestine (then part of the Ottoman Empire) with the French promoting the rights of Roman Catholics, and Russia promoting those of the Eastern Orthodox Church.
2.The Crimean War was fought from October 1853 to February 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom and Piedmont-Sardinia. Web.ġ855 'RETROSPECT OF 1854.', Launceston Examiner (Tas. "RETROSPECT OF 1854." Launceston Examiner (Tas. Article identifier Page identifier APA citation
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